Guémara
Traduction française en préparation — version anglaise (Steinsaltz) : Rather, he gave her six se’a.
אֶלָּא שֵׁשׁ סְאִין.
Traduction française en préparation — version anglaise (Steinsaltz) : The Gemara asks: And is it the typical manner of a woman to take a heavy burden of six se’a of barley? Rather, Boaz alluded to Ruth that six descendants are destined to emerge from her who would each be blessed with six blessings, and these are they: David, and the Messiah, Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. The Gemara elaborates: David was blessed with six virtues, as it is written: “And one of the servants answered and said: Behold, I have seen a son of Yishai of the house of Bethlehem who knows to play, and is a fine warrior, and a man of war, and prudent in speech, and a comely man, and the Lord is with him” (I Samuel 16:18).
וְכִי דַּרְכָּהּ שֶׁל אִשָּׁה לִיטּוֹל שֵׁשׁ סְאִין? אֶלָּא רֶמֶז [רָמַז] לָהּ, שֶׁעֲתִידִין שִׁשָּׁה בָּנִים לָצֵאת מִמֶּנָּה שֶׁמִּתְבָּרְכִין בְּשֵׁשׁ [שֵׁשׁ] בְּרָכוֹת. וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: דָּוִד וּמָשִׁיחַ, דָּנִיֵּאל, חֲנַנְיָה, מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה. דָּוִד, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיַּעַן אֶחָד מֵהַנְּעָרִים וַיֹּאמֶר הִנֵּה רָאִיתִי בֵּן לְיִשַׁי בֵּית הַלַּחְמִי יֹדֵעַ נַגֵּן וְגִבּוֹר חַיִל וְאִישׁ מִלְחָמָה וּנְבוֹן דָּבָר וְאִישׁ תֹּאַר וַה׳ עִמּוֹ וְגוֹ׳״.
Traduction française en préparation — version anglaise (Steinsaltz) : Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: Doeg the Edomite, one of Saul’s servants, stated this entire verse only as malicious speech, in an attempt to incite Saul to be jealous of David. “Who knows how to play” means that he knows how to ask complex and germane questions about Torah matters. “A fine warrior” means that he knows how to answer questions raised with regard to matters of Torah. “A man of war,” means that he knows to negotiate his way in the battle to understand the Torah. “A comely man” is one who displays understanding in facets of halakha and explains it well. “And prudent in speech [davar]” means that he infers one matter [davar] from another matter. “And the Lord is with him” means that the halakha is ruled in accordance with his opinion in every area of halakha.
וְאָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: כׇּל הַפָּסוּק הַזֶּה לֹא אֲמָרוֹ דּוֹאֵג אֶלָּא בְּלָשׁוֹן הָרָע. ״יֹדֵעַ נַגֵּן״ – שֶׁיּוֹדֵעַ לִישָּׁאֵל, ״גִּבּוֹר״ – שֶׁיּוֹדֵעַ לְהָשִׁיב, ״אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה״ – שֶׁיּוֹדֵעַ לִישָּׂא וְלִיתֵּן בְּמִלְחַמְתָּהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה, ״אִישׁ תֹּאַר״ – שֶׁמַּרְאֶה פָּנִים בַּהֲלָכָה, ״וּנְבוֹן דָּבָר״ – שֶׁמֵּבִין דָּבָר מִתּוֹךְ דָּבָר, ״וַה׳ עִמּוֹ״ – שֶׁהֲלָכָה כְּמוֹתוֹ בְּכׇל מָקוֹם.
Traduction française en préparation — version anglaise (Steinsaltz) : The Gemara relates: In response to all of these virtues listed in praise of David, Saul said to his servants: My son Jonathan is his equal. Once Doeg said to Saul: “And the Lord is with him,” meaning that the halakha is ruled in accordance with his opinion in every area of halakha, a matter that did not apply even to Saul himself, he was offended and grew jealous of David. As with regard to Saul it is written: “And wherever he turned he put them to the worse” (I Samuel 14:47), and with regard to David it is written: And wherever he turns he does prosper. Although the verse about Saul is referring to his victories and his prominence in Torah, he was not privileged to have all of his conclusions accepted as halakha.
בְּכוּלְּהוּ אֲמַר לְהוּ יְהוֹנָתָן בְּנִי כָּמוֹהוּ. כֵּיוָן דַּאֲמַר לֵיהּ ״וַה׳ עִמּוֹ״, מִילְּתָא דִּבְדִידֵיהּ נָמֵי לָא הֲוָה בֵּיהּ, חֲלַשׁ דַּעְתֵּיהּ וְאִיקַּנִּי בֵּיהּ. דִּבְשָׁאוּל כְּתִיב: ״וּבְכֹל אֲשֶׁר יִפְנֶה יַרְשִׁיעַ״, וּבְדָוִד כְּתִיב: ״וּבְכֹל אֲשֶׁר יִפְנֶה יַצְלִיחַ״.
Traduction française en préparation — version anglaise (Steinsaltz) : The Gemara asks: From where do we derive that it was Doeg who listed the virtues in this verse? The Gemara answers that it is written here: “And one [eḥad] of the servants answered,” meaning the most notable [meyuḥad] of the servants. And it is written there: “And a certain man of the servants of Saul was there that day, detained before the Lord, and his name was Doeg the Edomite, the chief of the herdsmen that belonged to Saul” (I Samuel 21:8).
מְנָלַן דְּדוֹאֵג הֲוָה? כְּתִיב הָכָא: ״וַיַּעַן אֶחָד מֵהַנְּעָרִים״ – מְיוּחָד שֶׁבַּנְּעָרִים, וּכְתִיב הָתָם: ״וְשָׁם אִישׁ מֵעַבְדֵי שָׁאוּל בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא נֶעְצָר לִפְנֵי ה׳ וּשְׁמוֹ דֹּאֵג הָאֲדֹמִי אַבִּיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל״.
Traduction française en préparation — version anglaise (Steinsaltz) : The Messiah was blessed with six virtues, as it is written: “And the spirit of the Lord shall rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the Lord” (Isaiah 11:2); and it is written: “And his delight [vahariḥo] shall be the fear of the Lord, and he shall neither judge after the sight of his eyes, nor decide after the hearing of his ears” (Isaiah 11:3).
מָשִׁיחַ, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְנָחָה עָלָיו רוּחַ ה׳ רוּחַ חׇכְמָה וּבִינָה רוּחַ עֵצָה וּגְבוּרָה רוּחַ דַּעַת וְיִרְאַת ה׳ וְגוֹ׳״, וּכְתִיב: ״וַהֲרִיחוֹ בְּיִרְאַת ה׳״.
Traduction française en préparation — version anglaise (Steinsaltz) : Rabbi Alexandri says that the term hariḥo teaches that God burdened the Messiah with mitzvot and afflictions like millstones [reiḥayim]. Rava says that hariḥo teaches that the Messiah will smell [demoraḥ] and then judge on that basis, sensing who is right, as it is written: “And he shall neither judge after the sight of [lemareh] his eyes, nor decide after the hearing of his ears; and with righteousness shall he judge the poor, and decide equity for the meek of the earth” (Isaiah 11:3–4).
אָמַר רַבִּי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרִי: מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהִטְעִינוֹ מִצְוֹת וְיִסּוּרִין כְּרֵיחַיִים. רָבָא אָמַר: דְּמוֹרַח וְדָאֵין, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְלֹא לְמַרְאֵה עֵינָיו יִשְׁפּוֹט״, ״וְשָׁפַט בְּצֶדֶק דַּלִּים וְהוֹכִיחַ בְּמִישׁוֹר לְעַנְוֵי אָרֶץ״.
Traduction française en préparation — version anglaise (Steinsaltz) : The Gemara relates: Bar Koziva, i.e., bar Kokheva, ruled for two and a half years. He said to the Sages: I am the Messiah. They said to him: With regard to the Messiah it is written that he is able to smell and judge, so let us see ourselves whether he, bar Kokheva, is able to smell and judge. Once they saw that he was not able to smell and judge, the gentiles killed him.
בַּר כּוֹזֵיבָא מְלַךְ תַּרְתֵּין שְׁנִין וּפַלְגָא. אֲמַר לְהוּ לְרַבָּנַן: אֲנָא מָשִׁיחַ. אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: בְּמָשִׁיחַ כְּתִיב דְּמוֹרַח וְדָאֵין, נֶחְזֵי אֲנַן אִי מוֹרַח וְדָאֵין. כֵּיוָן דְּחַזְיוּהּ דְּלָא מוֹרַח וְדָאֵין, קַטְלוּהּ.
Traduction française en préparation — version anglaise (Steinsaltz) : Six virtues were ascribed to Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, as it is written in their regard: “Youths in whom was found no blemish, and well favored, and skillful in all wisdom, and discerning in knowledge, and perceptive in understanding, and who had strength in them to stand in the king’s palace, and whom they might teach the learning and the tongue of the Chaldeans” (Daniel 1:4).
דָּנִיֵּאל חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה, דִּכְתִיב בְּהוּ: ״אֲשֶׁר אֵין בָּהֶם כׇּל מְאוּם וְטוֹבֵי מַרְאֶה וּמַשְׂכִּילִים בְּכׇל חׇכְמָה וְיֹדְעֵי דַעַת וּמְבִינֵי מַדָּע וַאֲשֶׁר כֹּחַ בָּהֶם לַעֲמֹד בְּהֵיכַל הַמֶּלֶךְ וּלְלַמְּדָם סֵפֶר וּלְשׁוֹן כַּשְׂדִּים״.
Traduction française en préparation — version anglaise (Steinsaltz) : The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of the phrase “in whom was found no blemish”? Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina says: Even a scratch like the wound that remains after bloodletting was not found in them. What is the meaning of the phrase “and who had strength in them to stand in the king’s place”? What strength is needed to do so? Rabbi Ḥama, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, says: This teaches that they would force themselves to refrain from laughter, and from conversation, and from sleep, and would restrain themselves when they felt the urge to relieve themselves via their orifices, due to fear of the monarchy.
מַאי ״אֲשֶׁר אֵין בָּהֶם כׇּל מוּם״? אָמַר רַבִּי חָמָא בַּר חֲנַנְיָא: אֲפִילּוּ כְּרִיבְדָּא דְכוּסִילְתָּא לָא הֲוָה בְּהוּ. מַאי ״וַאֲשֶׁר כֹּחַ בָּהֶם לַעֲמֹד בְּהֵיכַל הַמֶּלֶךְ״? אָמַר רַבִּי חָמָא בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא: מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיוּ אוֹנְסִין אֶת עַצְמָן מִן הַשְּׂחוֹק, וּמִן הַשִּׂיחָה, וּמִן הַשֵּׁינָה, וּמַעֲמִידִין עַל עַצְמָן בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּצְרָכִין לְנִקְבֵיהֶם מִפְּנֵי אֵימַת מַלְכוּת.
Traduction française en préparation — version anglaise (Steinsaltz) : § The Gemara explores more of their attributes. The verse states: “Now among these were, of the descendants of Judah: Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah” (Daniel 1:6). Rabbi Eliezer says: They were all of the descendants of Judah. And Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani says: Daniel was of the descendants of Judah, and Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah were descendants of other tribes.
״וַיְהִי בָהֶם מִבְּנֵי יְהוּדָה דָּנִיֵּאל חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה״. אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר: כּוּלָּן מִבְּנֵי יְהוּדָה הֵם. וְרַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר: דָּנִיאֵל מִבְּנֵי יְהוּדָה, חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה מִשְּׁאָר שְׁבָטִים.
Traduction française en préparation — version anglaise (Steinsaltz) : Isaiah prophesied to Hezekiah: “And of your sons that shall issue from you, they shall be taken away; and they shall be officers [sarisim] in the palace of the king of Babylonia” (Isaiah 39:7). The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of sarisim? Rav says: It means literally eunuchs, whom the Babylonians castrated to render them suitable for employment in all aspects of the king’s service. And Rabbi Ḥanina says: It means that idol worship was emasculated during their lifetime, as it became clear to all that it lacks substance.
״וּמִבָּנֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר יֵצְאוּ מִמְּךָ אֲשֶׁר תּוֹלִיד יִקָּחוּ וְהָיוּ סָרִיסִים בְּהֵיכַל מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל״. מַאי סָרִיסִים? רַב אָמַר: סָרִיסִים מַמָּשׁ, וְרַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר: שֶׁנִּסְתָּרְסָה עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה בִּימֵיהֶם.